Agefi Luxembourg - avril 2026
AGEFI Luxembourg 32 Avril 2026 Fonds &Marchés R egardez les Banques, Regardez les financiers, Ce n’est pas seu- lement le Pétrole qu’il faut gardez en focus…c’est tout l’impact de la hausse dupétrole sur l’économie mondiale ! ParDianaDIELS,Luxembourgforfamilyoffice La hausse du pétrole constitue l’un des chocsmacroéconomiqueslesplusdésta- bilisants pour l’économie mondiale. Nous gardons tous en mémoire le choc pétrolier de 1973, qui a complè- tement réorganisé les rapports de force entre les vieilles économies dé- veloppées et les pétromonarchies du Golfe, etmodifiédurablement la géo- politiquemondiale. L’opération Epic Fury, lancée par les États-Unis et leurs alliés sur l’Iran, est à l’origine du premier choc pétrolierduXXI e siècle.Lesnotesdel’IFPENmontrent en effet que les marchés pétroliers sont entrés dans une phase de très forte tension : le Brent a fortement progressé en moyenne hebdomadaire, les scénarios haussiersdépassentdésormaislargementlesniveaux envisagésquelquesjoursauparavant,etleblocagedu détroitd’Ormuzfaitcraindreunvéritablechocd’offre silasituationseprolonge.Aujourd’hui,leBrentcoûte 97 USD le baril, alors qu’il coûtait seulement 70 USD avant la crise. Avec le pétrole, le conflit au moyen orient à changer d’échelle, et plonge désormais le monde entier dans l’instabilité. Le premier canal de transmission est naturellement l’inflation. Une hausse du pétrole renchérit directe- ment les carburants, le fioul, certains coûts de trans- port et, dans plusieurs régions, une partie du coût de production d’électricité ou de chaleur. Nous parlons alors d’inflation énergétique. Mais contrairementàcequel’onpeutpenser,leplus important n’est pas dans l’impact direct, mais dansladiffusionprogressiveàl’ensembledes prix. Quand le diesel, le kérosène et les pro- duits raffinés montent fortement, comme c’est actuellement le cas, toute la chaîne logistique devient plus coûteuse. Le transport routier, le fret maritime, l’aérien, la distribution alimentaire, la constructionetl’industrievoientleurs coûts remonter. Àpartir de là, les en- treprisesdoivent arbitrer entre absor- bercettehaussedansleursmargesou la répercuter sur leurs prix de vente. Dansune économiedéjà fragiliséepar des tensions géopolitiques et des chaînes de valeurplusfragmentées,latentationderépercutersur les prix est forte… Cettelogiquedecontagionsurl’ensembledesprixdé- pendcependantdeplusieursparamètres.D’abord,du niveauinitialdel’inflation:sicelle-ciétaitdéjàau-des- sus de la cible des banques centrales, le choc pétrolier est beaucoup plus dangereux, car il peut empêcher toutedésinflation.Actuellement, dans la zone euro, il semblerait que nous bénéficiions d’une très légère marge : les derniers rapports montrent une inflation annualiséecompriseentre1,7et1,9%,alorsquelacible de la BCE est fixée à 2%. Ensuite, les anticipations sur la durée du conflit : si ménages et entreprises commencent à croire que l’énergie restera durablement chère, ils adaptent ra- pidement leurs comportements de consommation. Enfin, elle dépend de la réaction budgétaire des États : dans certains pays européens, les gouverne- ments peuvent amoindrir le choc via des baisses de taxes, des chèques énergie ou des mesures ciblées. Le gouvernement français n’a pour lemoment évo- qué aucune mesure de soutien, pariant sur un conflit court, pressé par le contexte politique aux États-Unis et l’insoutenabilité du conflit d’un point de vue stratégique et économique. Ledeuxièmegrandcanaldetransmissionestceluide lacroissanceéconomique.Unehaussedurabledupé- troleagitengénéralcommeunfreinsurl’activité,sur- tout dans les pays importateurs. Pour les ménages, l’effetestsimple:unepartplusimportantedurevenu est consacrée à l’énergie et au transport, ce qui réduit lerevenudisponiblepourlaconsommation.Pourles entreprises, la hausse des coûts intermédiaires pèse sur les marges, l’investissement et parfois donc sur l’emploi.Pluslechocdure,pluslesarbitragesdevien- nent douloureux : baissede la consommation, report des investissements, ralentissement des secteurs dé- pendants du transport ou de l’énergie. C’est particu- lièrement vrai en Europe, où la dépendance énergétique reste structurellement importante et où l’industrieestplussensiblequ’auxÉtats-Unisauxim- portations, surtout enAllemagne. Il faut toutefois nuancer. Tous les pays ne réagissent pas de lamêmemanière. Les producteurs depétrole bénéficient mécaniquement d’une amélioration de leurs termes à l’échange, d’un surplus de recettes ex- térieures et souvent d’un soutien budgétaire. À l’in- verse, les grands importateurs comme la zone euro, le Japon ou plusieurs économies émergentes subis- sentunchocnégatif.LesÉtats-Unisoccupentunepo- sition plus ambivalente : ils restent sensibles à la hausse de l’essence via la consommation des mé- nages,maisleurindustriepétrolièreetparapétrolière bénéficie d’un prix plus élevé. Le troisième canal est celui des taux d’intérêt et de la politique monétaire. C’est ici que le pétrole de- vient particulièrement compliqué à gérer pour les banques centrales. Un choc pétrolier combine sou- vent le pire des deux mondes : plus d’inflation, moinsde croissance.Autrement dit, il créeun risque de stagflation. Si la banque centrale réagit trop agressivement en remontant ses taux pour combat- tre l’inflation importée, elle accentue le ralentisse- ment économique. Si elle ne réagit pas assez, elle risque de laisser se diffuser le choc dans l’inflation sous-jacente et dans les anticipations de prix. En pratique, tout dépendra de la durée du choc. Si la hausse dupétrole est brève, les banques centrales peuvent regarder au-delà du premier effet et éviter undurcissement supplémentaire. En revanche, si les tensions auMoyen-Orient s’installent et que leBrent reste durablement très élevé, le pétrole devient un obstaclemajeur à l’assouplissementmonétaire.Dans ce cas, lesmarchés repoussent les baisses de taux at- tendues, les rendements obligataires réels peuvent remonter, et les conditions financières se resserrent. Au total, une hausse du pétrole n’est jamais seule- ment une mauvaise nouvelle pour l’inflation : c’est unchocmacroéconomique complet. Elle ravive l’in- flation, pèse sur la croissance, complique la tâchedes banques centrales, retarde les baisses de taux et ac- croît lanervositédesmarchés.Aujourd’hui, le risque principal n’est pas tant leniveauabsoluduBrent sur une séanceque lapossibilitéd’unchocdurabled’of- fre auMoyen-Orient. Si ce scénario se confirme, le pétrole pourrait rede- venir, comme en 2022, l’un des déterminants cen- traux de la trajectoire de l’économiemondiale. https://luxembourgforfamilyoffice.lu / Quand le pétrole déstabilise l’économie mondiale By Frank van K UIJK , Agata S ZYMONIAK and Benjamin H ITZGES , Loyens & Loeff AIFMD2 tightens the rules for open-ended funds E uropeanAlternative Invest- ment FundManagers (EU AIFMs)must classify each private fundundermanagement (each an alternative investment fund orAIF) as either closed-ended or open-ended. This distinction is key because EUAIFMsmanaging open-endedAIFsmust be able to demonstrate that investors’ with- drawal rights are alignedwith the liquidity profile of the underlying portfolio. This analysis is particu- larly relevant for funds investing in illiquid assets, where overly flexi- ble redemption termsmay force sudden asset disposals at dis- countedprices, ultimately harming remaining investors. With AIFMD taking effect on April 16, 2026 this open-ended vs closed-ended distinction will become even more sig- nificant. Open-ended funds will, amongst others, be required tohardwire two predefined liquidity management tools ( LMTs ) to address liquidity pres- sure in times ofmarket stress and topro- tect investors. In addition, the newlever- age caps applicable to loan-originating funds will depend onwhether the fund is classified as open-ended or closed- ended. Leverage is capped at (i) 200%of the net asset value of the fund ( NAV ) for closed-ended loan-originatingAIFs, and (ii) at 75% of the NAV for open-ended loan-originatingAIFs. Open-ended definition, over a decade old Under the European regulatory frame- work, an open-ended fund is defined as a fund that, at the request of an investor, redeems or repurchases units prior to its wind-down or liquidation phase, using the assets of the fund.Any fund that does not meet this definition is deemed closed-ended. Importantly, cash distri- butions, being discretionary, contingent events that do not reduce an investor’s proportional interest, are irrelevant to this classification, as they do not create liquidity stress. By contrast, theU.S.mar- ket typically also places weight on the fund’s subscription model when deter- mining whether a fund is open- or closed-ended.Avehicle that accepts new capital on an ongoing basis is generally considered open-ended, while a fund operatingwithadefined fundraisingpe- riod is treated as closed-ended. Under EUrules, however, thedynamics of cap- ital inflows are immaterial. This European definition of open-ended funds, nowmore than a decade old, pre- dates the rise of semi-liquid, European- domiciled evergreen funds, a segment that has expanded rapidly since 2022– 2023. These strategies are perpetual by design, and investors cannot reasonably be expected to remain locked in indefi- nitely. As a result, sponsors invariably implement withdrawal mechanics of varying sophistication. The absence of any such mechanism is not only com- mercially unviable, but in many cases legallyproblematic: under civil-lawprin- ciples, an indefinite contractual commit- ment without a defined or determinable termmay be considered impermissible. Is an evergreen fund always open-ended? Basedonaliteralreadingofthedefinition above, one couldargue that anevergreen fund is, by its very nature, open-ended, since perpetual vehicles necessarily in- clude some form of withdrawal mecha- nism. However, as discussed below, applyingthisinterpretationmechanically would, particularly in the case of semi- liquid private evergreen funds, run counter to the economic rationaleunder- pinning the relevant AIFMD 2 provi- sions. In practice, semi-liquid evergreen funds are commonly structured as rolling-vintage or run-off models. The sections below outline the default fea- tures of each model and examine how they should be classified for regulatory purposes under the open-ended/closed- ended distinction. Is a rolling vintage fund open- or closed-ended? In a typical rolling-vintage fund, the of- fering provides investors with exposure to successive vintages, each established for a fixed term.At the end of a vintage’s term, investors are automatically rolled into the next vintage, ensuring continu- ous exposure. If an investor elects not to participate in the next vintage, their cap- ital is returnedwhen the current vintage reaches the end of its term. Whether as- sets are rolled into the next vintage de- pends on factors such as market conditions, liquidity needs, and com- mercial opportunity. Vintagesmaybestructuredaslegallyseg- regatedcompartmentsordefinedcontrac- tually through series of interests or share classes that track the performance of the relevant asset pool. The Luxembourg RAIF regime, which permits legally seg- regatedcompartments,offersthemostef- ficient framework for structuring each vintageasaseparatecompartment.Under thismodel,eachcompartmentconstitutes a separate AIF, and none provides with- drawalrightspriortoitsownwind-down and liquidation. Each compartment is therefore classified as closed-ended. The ability of an in- vestor to decline a rollover from one compartment to the next has no bearing on this analysis. This outcome alsoaligns with the economic rationale underpin- ning AIFMD 2: LMTs are intended to mitigate liquidity stress, which cannot arise within a vintage if investors lack withdrawal rightsduring its term. If vin- tages are defined contractually through series of interests or share classeswithin a single legalAIF, an investor’s decision not to roll into the next vintage (i.e., meaning that the interest or shares of the investor would be redeemed rather than converted into an interest or shares of the next vintage) may, at the level of the overall fund, appear similar to a re- demptionprior to the fund’s liquidation phase. A strictly literal interpretation of the “open-ended” definition could therefore lead to the conclusion that such a fund is open-ended, triggering an obligation to select LMTs. However, this outcome would be in- consistent with the purpose and under- lying economic logic of AIFMD 2. A vintage-style fund does not experience liquidity stress due to a non-rollover de- cision: no intra-vintage withdrawals occur, and capital is returned only at the scheduled end of a vintage’s fixed term. Requiring LMTs in such a scenario would therefore not serve the investor- protection objective of AIFMD 2. Is a run-offmodel fund open- or closed-ended? In a standard run-off model, investors may request the return of their invest- ment, but redemptions are only effected once the portion of the portfolio at- tributable to the requesting investor has been realized in the ordinary course, at thefundmanager’sdiscretion.Astrict,lit- eral reading of the definition of “open- ended”might suggest that sucha fund is open-ended, since investors dopossess a contractual right to be redeemed. However, in thismodel a redemption re- quest does not require the fundmanager to generate liquidity, whether by selling assets or otherwise accelerating portfolio realization. Themanager continues toex- ecute the disposal strategy as planned, andredemptionsoccur onlyonce the rel- evant assetshavenaturally runoff. There is therefore no liquidity management function to perform. Whenassessed through theeconomic ra- tionale underlyingAIFMD2, the conclu- sion becomes clear: a standard run-off fund is properly classified as closed- ended. Liquidity stress cannot be trig- gered by redemption requests, and imposing liquidity management tools (LMTs) would serve no regulatory pur- pose, as there is no liquidity mismatch risk tomitigate. Classification as closed or open-ended, branding In practice, situations arise where the open- versus closed-endedassessment is not straightforwardand requires careful, model-specific analysis. The key point, however, is that a private semi-liquid ev- ergreen fund should not be presumed to beopen-endedbydefault.Acase-by-case assessment of thewithdrawalmechanics is essential, with sound economic ratio- nale as the guiding principle. The central question is simple: can the withdrawal features give rise to liquidity stress? Aregulatoryreclassification fromclosed- ended to open-ended status can materi- ally affect the EU AIFM and the fund itself, most notably through changes to applicable leverage limits and liquidity managementobligations,andmaythere- fore introduce meaningful risk. For this reason, we recommend including clear and tailored disclosures within the fund documentation’s risksections explaining the basis for the open- or closed-ended qualification, grounded in economic ra- tionale. Such disclosures are particularly important given the absence of detailed regulatory guidance and the reliance on adefinition that isnowover adecadeold and predates the emergence of semi-liq- uid evergreen strategies. Finally, we frequently encounter situa- tions in which a semi-liquid European fund is classified as closed-endedunder EU rules, yet marketed as open-ended because the terminology mirrors that used for a parallel U.S. vehicle. In these circumstances, sponsors shouldprovide explicit disclosures highlighting the dif- ferences between EUandU.S. concepts, as the same labels may carry different regulatory meanings. Branding a fund as open-ended when it is, from a Euro- pean regulatory standpoint, closed- endedmay conflict with the prohibition onmisleading information inmarketing communications. U.S. Fund Managers: is my Luxembourg fund open or closed-ended?
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