Agefi Luxembourg - janvier 2025
Janvier 2025 15 AGEFI Luxembourg Economie / Banques Par Luca PESARINI, Chief Investment Officer &PortfolioManager chez ETHENEA P artons ensemble pour une aventure commune (d’investissement) en cor- dée dans le but d’atteindre en- semble le sommet. Alors que nous nous mettons en route sous la lumière de la nouvelle année 2025, un épais brouillard obscurcit la visibi- lité. Le chemin vers le som- met risque d’être difficile et semé d’embûches. Nous portons tous notre sac à dos. Certains sentiers seront im- praticables. Il faudra prévoir des pas- sages escarpés et des descentes abruptes. Nous devrons nous orienter en permanence et, surtout, surveiller les conditions météorologiques. Nous devons être préparés. Notre objectif ? Trouver un chemin où le soleil nous réchauffe et où, à la fin, une vue panora- mique et époustouflante nous attend – notre per- formance annuelle. Ce n’est pas pour rien qu’on dit que plusieurs chemins mènent au but. Un voyage n’est généralement pas linéaire. Il existe de multiples itinéraires. Dans notre approche globale, il est essentiel de comparer les diffé- rentes options. Tout comme, lors d’une ex- cursion en montagne, il ne suffit pas de considérer la nature du sentier, sa pente et sa longueur, mais aussi les conditions météorologiques, nous prenons en compte les fondamentaux dans nos décisions d’in- vestissement. L’écart entre les États-Unis et l’Europe devrait continuer à se creuser L’aiguille de la boussole in- dique un taux de croissance réelle attendu de 2,5 à 3%pour les États-Unis. Les Américains envisagent donc l’avenir proche de manière nettement plus positive que les Européens. L’ancien continent peine à atteindre une croissance légèrement positive. L’écart entre les États-Unis et l’Europe devrait continuer à se creuser. Alors que l’Europe som- bre dans une dépression causée par l’instabilité politique et la bureaucratie, la nouvelle adminis- tration américaine fera tout pour maintenir le cycle économique actif. Une récession n’est pas en vue, surtout pas avec un président comme Donald Trump, qui a placé la promotion de la croissance économique en tête de son agenda. Nous prévoyons donc un climat propice sur notre chemin (environnement d’investissement). D’autant plus que les prévisions dressent un ta- bleau positif. Le marché du travail aux États-Unis se détend, l’inflation reste à un niveau confortable autour de 2,5%, et la Réserve fédérale maintient son cap de baisse des taux, bien qu’avec un peu plus de prudence qu’il y a deux mois. Avec deux baisses de taux fin 2024, une prolon- gation des réductions d’impôts au-delà de 2025 et une série de mesures de dérégulation et de me- sures fiscales, un environnement favorable à l’in- vestissement et à la croissance devrait voir le jour aux États-Unis. Sur le chemin qui mène au sommet, des dangers guettent toujours. Il y aura des passages délicats sur certaines portions du parcours. Les défis géo- politiques (deux guerres actuelles), les difficultés politiques intérieures enAllemagne et en France, ainsi que la crainte d’une nouvelle guerre com- merciale pourraient forcer les marcheurq à chan- ger d’itinéraire. Reste à savoir si, comment et dans quelle mesure ces événements vont se mettre en travers du che- min – mais annuler l’aventure n’est pas une op- tion. Se réorienter, trouver des itinéraires alternatifs ou fixer de nouveaux objectifs sont des solutions judicieuses dans une telle situation. La visibilité est réduite au début de l’année d’investissement Comme tout départ de randonnée dans la brume matinale, la visibilité est elle aussi réduite au début de l’année d’investissement. Il faut avancer à vue, et prendre les bifurcations lorsqu’elles se présen- teront – c’est cela, une gestion active et flexible. Le marché haussier persistant a fait grimper les valorisations – un poids qu’il faut savoir porter. Si les valorisations élevées sont comme un lourd sac à dos en début d’une randonnée, le niveau des taux d’intérêt est une mesure de la pente du sentier qui nous attend. Une pente (ou une mon- tée) trop raide fatigue, on s’épuise plus vite, et certains pourraient trébucher. C’est pourquoi nous surveillons de près le niveau à l’extrémité longue de la courbe des taux. Notre attente est claire : les niveaux de fin 2024 se situent à l’extrémité supérieure du spectre. Avec des taux d’intérêt plus bas en 2025, le far- deau devrait devenir plus supportable. Si la croissance économique se concrétise comme prévu ou dépasse les attentes, “le poids” se ré- duira, à l’instar des provisions qui s’allègent au fil de la marche. En cordée vers le sommet C aptive insurance companies are growing in significance in the global insurancemar- ket, particularly in jurisdictions like Luxembourg. Established to underwrite their parent compa- nies’ risks, these specialized enti- ties offermany strategic, financial and regulatory advantages. This article explores the relevance of captive insurance inLuxembourg anddelves into the transfer pricing implications at play. Luxembourg as a captive insurance hub:Amarket on the rise The market’s burgeoning interest in cap- tivesisfueledbyseveralfactors,including traditional insurers’ retreat from certain riskareas,largecorporations’growingex- posure levels, and the broadening of risk profiles—especially for multinationals. The insurance fee surge has also driven companiestoexplorealternativeriskman- agement solutions. Luxembourg is the EU’s largest captive reinsurancemarket, and companies from around the world have established around 200 reinsurance undertakings in theGrandDuchy.Thissuccessispartially due to the efforts of theLuxembourg reg- ulatory authority, the Commissariat aux Assurances (CAA), demonstrating exten- sivesupportandknowledgeofthecaptive business model, the CAA has tailored its regulatory requirements to fit captives’ unique nature, enhancing their appeal to multinationalgroupsseekingtoeffectively manage their risks. Luxembourg’s pioneering role in Euro- pean insurance regulation has also solidi- fied its status as a premier market for captives.Thecountryhasembracedafor- ward-thinking approach, anticipating the EU’s 2005ReinsuranceDirective (1) andes- tablishing a prudential framework for reinsuranceasearlyas1991.Thisproactive stancehasmadeLuxembourg an attractive jurisdiction for companiesseekingregulatory foresight and efficiency. Understanding the captive insurance business model Most reinsurance companies in Luxem- bourg are captives, whichmeans they are created and wholly owned by a non-in- surance group to underwrite risks for the parent company, its operating sub- sidiaries, or both. These “in-house” insur- ers operate outside the traditional com- mercial insurancemarket. Despite receiv- ingregulatoryandtaxtreatmentsimilarto standardreinsurancecompanies,captives areusuallyexclusivelyfocusedonreinsur- ing their groupmembers. A captive’s typical setup involves an op- erating company (OpCo) entering intoan insurance agreement with a third-party fronting company. Captive insurance ar- rangements often involve fronting, as sometimes a third-party insurer is re- quired for regulatorypurposes. The fronting company is generally re- sponsible for issuingpolicies andprovid- ing claims-handling services, ensuring compliancewhile allowing the captive to reinsure the underlying risks. The cap- tive retains a portion of the risk andusu- ally seeks external reinsurance with a third or unrelated party for specific lay- ers or proportions. This structure allows multinational en- terprise groups to cover risks that may be difficult or expensive to insure in the open market, such as low-frequency, high-severity risks like oil spills, contin- gency business interruptions, and prod- uct liability. Captives also offer numerous commer- cial benefits, including reducing profit volatilityat theOpCo level, stabilizing in- surancepremiumswithin thegroup, and securing lower premiums in third-party marketsdue to riskpoolingandbulkdis- counts. As a result, captives are a vital part of many multinationals’ risk man- agement strategies. Transfer pricing considerations Acritical aspect ofmanaginga captive in- surance company is ensuring compliance withtransferpricingregulations.Thesere- quirethatthepriceagreedinatransaction between two related parties must be the sameasthepriceagreedinasimilartrans- action between two unrelated parties— known as the arm’s length principle. Historically, multinational companies have not focused on transfer pricing for theircaptives.Thisisbecauseathird-party entity is usually involved in the chain, so itisnotmappedasacontrolledtransaction andconsideredoutsidethescopeoftrans- fer pricing rules. However, tax authorities have increas- ingly turned their attention to these ar- rangements, particularly following the releaseofChapterXoftheOECDTransfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational En- terprises and Tax Administrations (“OECDGuidelines”) in 2020. (2) Section E is dedicated to captive insurance compa- nies,dictatingthatevenifathird-partyen- tityisinvolvedinthechain,the actualcontrolledtransactionis between the OpCo and the captive. SectionEoftheOECDGuide- lines’ChapterXfocusesonthe followingmainpoints. 1. Accurate transaction delineation and economic substance This involves assessing whether the par- ties’ behavior aligns with the legal con- tracts’ written terms and evaluating whether the captive has sufficient sub- stance to justify its profit level. In this con- text, substance refers not only to the cap- tive’s number of employees (many captives use approved third-party man- agement companies) but also to the cap- tive’s oversight and decision-making authority. The OECD Guidelines intro- ducethe“controloverrisk”and“financial capacity” concepts as key to determining properriskallocation.Theseconceptsem- phasize that captives must demonstrate theyactivelymanageandcontroltherisks they assume, rather thanmerely acting as a risk transfer conduit. 2. Functional characterization To support a captive’s substance level, companies must conduct a thorough functional analysis. This involves a de- tailedfact-findingtounderstandthefunc- tions performed, risks borne and assets employed by the captive and relatedpar- ties in the context of reinsurance services. FromaLuxembourg transferpricingper- spective, this analysis is crucial as it: i) Helps determine if the captive can be characterizedas a fully-fledged insurer or as a routine entity, possiblywith or with- out fronting functions; and ii) Sheds light on the captive’sgovernance structures, such as risk committees and decision-making processes, that oversee the risks it engages in. 3. Transfer pricingmethods Once a captive’s characterization is estab- lished,thenextstepistoselectthemostap- propriate transfer pricing method to test anddocumenttheintercompanytransac- tions. Depending on the findings of the functional analysis, different approaches may be used. Chapter X of the OECD Guidelinesoutlinesseveraltransferpricing methods suitable for captive insurance transactions, including the comparable uncontrolledprice(CUP)methodandthe transactional net margin method (TNMM). The latter uses profit level indi- cators (PLIs) like the combined ratio and return on capital, benchmarked against third-party insurers or reinsurers. Given thesemethods’ inherent complexi- ties, captive owners may also consider conductinganindependentactuarialanal- ysis. This involves evaluating the premi- ums paid to the captive, ensuring the key assumptions—suchas claims history and expense loadings—are reasonable and alignedwith industry standards. This ap- proach, which the OECDGuidelines rec- ognize as an “other” transfer pricing method,canprovideadditionalassurance thatthecaptive’spricingisconsistentwith market conditions. Ifthecaptive’sreceivedpremiumsarenot deemed at arm’s length, tax authorities may adjust these premiums and poten- tiallyincreasethecaptive’staxableincome. Additionally, the deduction of premiums paidbytheoperatingcompaniescouldbe partiallyorfullydenied,leadingtodouble taxationrisks andcostlydisputeswith tax authorities.Therefore,performingasound transfer pricing analysis in line with Sec- tionEoftheOECDGuidelines’ChapterX is essential. Conclusion Captive insurance companies inLuxem- bourg are a powerful tool for multina- tional groups to manage their risks in a cost-effective and regulatory-efficient manner. However, these benefits come with complex transfer pricing challenges that require careful consideration and meticulous documentation. By under- standing the regulatory landscape, accu- rately delineating transactions and choosing the right transfer pricingmeth- ods, companies can navigate these chal- lenges and maximize their captives’ strategic value. Xavier JAIME SOTILLOS, Partner, Transfer Pricing Iva GYUROVA, Partner, Transfer Pricing Serena PICARIELLO, Senior Manager, Transfer Pricing Deloitte Luxembourg 1)EUR-Lex, Directive2005/68/ECoftheEuropeanPar- liamentandoftheCouncilof16November2005onrein- suranceandamendingCouncilDirectives73/239/EEC, 92/49/EEC as well as Directives 98/78/EC and 2002/83/EC ,16November2005. 2) OECD, Transfer Pricing Guidance on Financial Transactions:InclusiveFrameworkonBEPS:Actions4, 8-10 ,11February2020. The rise of captive insurance in Luxembourg and its transfer pricing implications
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